Why He's #1
Franklin D. Roosevelt's leadership during two of America's greatest crises—the Great Depression and World War II—earns him the top spot. His fireside chats connected with citizens on a personal level, restoring hope and confidence when the nation needed it most. He guided the country with a steady hand, transforming the role of the federal government and projecting American strength on the world stage. His resilience and optimism inspired a generation through immense hardship.
Key Accomplishments
- Launched the New Deal, establishing Social Security and vital relief programs.
- Guided America to Allied victory in World War II.
- Created agencies like the TVA and FDIC for economic stability.
- Championed the United Nations, securing America’s global leadership.
Failures
While FDR achieved remarkable progress, his presidency was not without major flaws. His decision to authorize the internment of Japanese Americans during WII was a deeply troubling violation of civil liberties.
Why He's #2
George Washington earns his spot as one of the greats for being the indispensable leader who guided a fragile new nation. As the very first president, every action he took set a precedent for the future of American democracy. He masterfully balanced the immense pressures of the office, shaping the role of the executive branch while commanding universal respect. His voluntary departure after two terms established a peaceful transfer of power, securing the Republic's future.
Key Accomplishments
- Led the Continental Army to victory in the American Revolution.
- Established the first presidential cabinet.
- Signed the Judiciary Act of 1789, creating the federal court system.
- Issued the Neutrality Proclamation to keep America out of foreign conflicts.
- Delivered a Farewell Address offering guidance on political unity and foreign policy.
Failures
Despite his remarkable leadership, Washington failed to take meaningful action against slavery, as he continued to own enslaved people and delayed addressing the contradiction between the nation’s ideals and the reality of bondage. His response to the Whiskey Rebellion drew criticism for its severity, with some seeing his swift military intervention as an overreach of federal power.
Why He's #3
Abraham Lincoln’s powerful leadership during America’s most profound crisis, the Civil War, makes him an undeniable giant of history. He navigated the presidency with moral clarity and an unwavering resolve to preserve the Union at all costs. His brilliant oratory, from the Gettysburg Address to his Second Inaugural Address, inspired the nation by articulating a vision for a "new birth of freedom" and a government "of the people, by the people, for the people."
Key Accomplishments
- Signed the Emancipation Proclamation, declaring freedom for slaves in Confederate territory.
- Successfully led the Union to victory in the Civil War.
- Drove the passage of the 13th Amendment, abolishing slavery throughout the nation.
- Redefined America's promise of liberty and equality for all.
Failures
While Lincoln made historic strides to end slavery, he stopped short of addressing broader systemic racial inequalities, leaving unresolved issues that persisted long after his time in office.
Why He's #4
Thomas Jefferson earns his place for his monumental contributions to American liberty and expansion. As the primary author of the Declaration of Independence, he eloquently defined the nation's founding ideals. His vision of an agrarian republic shaped America's identity, and his forward-thinking leadership doubled the country's size, securing vast resources and opportunities for future generations. Jefferson's intellect and philosophy left a permanent mark on the United States.
Key Accomplishments
- Louisiana Purchase (1803): Masterfully acquired 828,000 square miles of territory from France, doubling the size of the U.S.
- Lewis and Clark Expedition: Commissioned the exploration of the new western territory.
- University of Virginia: Founded and designed this institution as a bastion of learning.
Failures
Significant contradictions complicate Jefferson's legacy. His enforcement of the Embargo Act of 1807 devastated the American economy and was widely unpopular. Most notably, despite writing that "all men are created equal," he was a lifelong slaveholder, and his actions did not align with his stated principles of liberty for all.
Why He's #5
Theodore Roosevelt bounds into the top tier with his energetic leadership and progressive vision. A true force of nature, he championed the common person against corporate interests and redefined the power of the presidency. His "strenuous life" philosophy inspired a nation to be bold and active. He believed the government should be a powerful force for good, and his dynamic approach to domestic and foreign policy left a lasting mark on America’s role in the world.
Key Accomplishments
- Led the nation with the "Square Deal," prioritizing consumer protection, corporate regulation, and conservation.
- Earned the nickname "trust buster" by dismantling large monopolies to level the economic playing field.
- Championed conservation, setting aside 230 million acres of public lands, founding five national parks, and establishing 51 federal bird reserves.
- Sparked the modern American conservation movement through bold environmental leadership.
Failures
Roosevelt’s aggressive approach to foreign policy drew criticism for promoting American imperialism, particularly through his support of the U.S. acquisition of the Panama Canal Zone. And despite his calls for fairness at home, Roosevelt failed to meaningfully address racial inequality and often held views that reinforced existing prejudices.
Why He's #6
John F. Kennedy brought a new era of vigor and inspiration to the presidency. His charismatic leadership and powerful vision captivated a generation, encouraging Americans to "ask not what your country can do for you." He expertly handled the intense pressures of the Cold War, projecting strength and idealism that rallied the nation and defined the youthful optimism of the early 1960s.
Key Accomplishments
- Successfully de-escalated the Cuban Missile Crisis, preventing nuclear devastation.
- Founded the Peace Corps, expanding America's global engagement.
- Set the national goal of landing a man on the moon, launching the Apollo program.
Failures
Kennedy's tenure saw significant setbacks. The failed Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 was a major foreign policy embarrassment. Domestically, his administration struggled to make substantial progress on civil rights legislation, a key issue that would gain momentum only after his tragic assassination.
Why He's #7
Dwight D. Eisenhower offered a steady, reassuring hand during a period of intense Cold War anxiety. As a former five-star general, his leadership exuded confidence and moderation, allowing him to navigate international tensions while overseeing an era of domestic prosperity. His calm demeanor and focus on "peace and prosperity" provided a sense of stability and optimism to the nation during the 1950s.
Key Accomplishments
- Championed the creation of the Interstate Highway System, revolutionizing transportation and commerce
- Signed legislation establishing NASA, launching the nation into the space age
- Enforced school desegregation by sending federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas in a pivotal civil rights moment
- He championed the creation of the Interstate Highway System, revolutionizing transportation and commerce.
- Signed legislation establishing NASA, launching the nation into the space age.
- Enforced school desegregation by sending federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas.
Failures
Despite his achievements, Eisenhower’s presidency had its shortcomings. His approach to civil rights was often criticized as overly cautious and slow-moving. The 1960 U-2 spy plane incident, where an American pilot was shot down over the Soviet Union, created a major international embarrassment and derailed a crucial peace summit with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev.
Why He's #8
Woodrow Wilson's presidency is defined by his powerful idealism and his leadership on the world stage. He guided the United States through the turmoil of World War I with a vision to make the world "safe for democracy." His forward-thinking pursuit of international cooperation left a lasting mark on global politics, inspiring future generations to seek a more peaceful and interconnected world.
Key Accomplishments
- Established the Federal Reserve System, creating a more stable financial foundation for the nation.
- Successfully led the United States through WWI, shaping the eventual Allied victory.
- Championed the creation of the League of Nations, a groundbreaking effort to foster global peace.
Failures
Wilson's idealistic goals faced major setbacks. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Senate to join the League of Nations, significantly weakening the organization he had championed. Furthermore, his legacy is stained by his administration's support for racial segregation policies, which rolled back progress for African Americans.
Why He's #9
John Adams stands tall as a pillar of the American Revolution and a fierce advocate for the rule of law. As a leading Founding Father, his intellectual courage and unwavering principles were crucial in shaping the new nation. He prioritized the stability and long-term security of the United States, often making difficult and unpopular decisions to keep the young republic from being drawn into foreign conflicts.
Key Accomplishments
- Skillfully navigated the Quasi-War with France, avoiding a full-scale conflict while protecting American interests.
- Established the United States Navy, laying the foundation for a powerful national defense.
- Oversaw the first peaceful transfer of power between opposing political parties in U.S. history.
Failures
Adams's presidency was marked by intense political strife. He signed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts into law, which were widely seen as an attack on free speech and a tool to suppress political opponents. His single term was plagued by deep divisions, both within his own party and with the opposing Democratic-Republicans.
Why He's #10
Bill Clinton's presidency is often remembered for a period of remarkable peace and prosperity. With a unique ability to connect with everyday Americans, he governed from the center, focusing on economic policies that spurred significant growth. His optimistic and charismatic leadership helped define the 1990s, guiding the nation through a time of rapid change with a focus on opportunity and responsibility.
Key Accomplishments
- Oversaw a period of sustained economic expansion, leading to the first federal budget surplus in decades.
- Signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), creating a major free-trade zone.
- Passed comprehensive welfare reform, aiming to move individuals from welfare to work.
Failures
Clinton's second term was heavily marred by the Monica Lewinsky scandal, which led to his impeachment by the House of Representatives. His administration also faced significant criticism for its inaction during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, a failure that has cast a long shadow over its foreign policy record.
Why He's #11
Harry S. Truman held office during a period of global upheaval, guiding America through the end of WWII and the dawn of the nuclear era. While his leadership shaped the early Cold War and set important policies in motion, his tenure was also marked by divisive decisions and mixed public sentiment. Although he met formidable challenges with determination, the long-term consequences of some choices and controversial actions have led many to rank his presidency lower among U.S. leaders.
Key Accomplishments
- Authorized the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe.
- Established NATO to counter Soviet aggression.
- Made the courageous decision to desegregate the U.S. armed forces.
- Recognized the state of Israel.
- Oversaw the Berlin Airlift, demonstrating resolve against communist expansion.
Failures
Truman's legacy is marked by controversy. His decision to use atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end the war remains one of history's most debated actions. Later, his administration became mired in the difficult and unpopular Korean War, which ultimately hurt his public approval.
Why He's #12
James Madison shines as a brilliant political theorist and a foundational architect of the United States. Celebrated as the "Father of the Constitution," his intellectual firepower shaped the very framework of American government. Though a soft-spoken leader, he guided the young nation through the immense challenge of the War of 1812, ultimately reinforcing America's independence and fostering a stronger sense of national identity.
Key Accomplishments
- Authored the U.S. Constitution and drafted the Bill of Rights, creating the bedrock of American law and civil liberties.
- Led the nation through the difficult War of 1812 against Great Britain, confirming U.S. sovereignty.
- Helped strengthen the federal government and its institutions, ensuring the nation's long-term stability.
Failures
Madison's presidency was tested by significant wartime setbacks, most notably the burning of Washington, D.C., by British forces in 1814. He also struggled with economic policy, including the deeply unpopular Embargo Act, which damaged the American economy and proved difficult to enforce.
Why He's #13
Lyndon B. Johnson was a masterful legislator whose towering ambition reshaped American society. Taking office during a time of national grief, he used his immense political skill to champion a progressive vision known as the "Great Society." Johnson's legislative triumphs in civil rights and social welfare stand as some of the most significant domestic achievements of the 20th century, reflecting his deep commitment to creating a more just and equitable nation.
Key Accomplishments
- Signed the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, dismantling legal segregation.
- Launched the "Great Society" programs, which included Medicare, Medicaid, and Head Start.
- Declared a "War on Poverty" that significantly reduced poverty rates across the country.
Failures
Johnson's presidency is tragically defined by his escalation of the Vietnam War. His decisions to commit hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops led to a prolonged and deeply divisive conflict that fractured the nation, overshadowed his domestic successes, and ultimately led him not to seek reelection.
Why He's #14
Ulysses S. Grant brought his renowned determination as a general to the presidency, bravely facing the immense challenge of reuniting a fractured nation. His modern reputation is on the rise, celebrated for his steadfast commitment to protecting the rights of newly freed African Americans during the turbulent Reconstruction era. He courageously battled violent opposition to ensure the promise of liberty was extended to all, working to heal and stabilize a country in crisis.
Key Accomplishments
- Championed and enforced civil rights laws to protect African Americans from violence and suppression.
- Effectively dismantled the first iteration of the Ku Klux Klan through decisive federal action.
- Achieved key foreign policy successes, including peacefully resolving disputes with Great Britain.
Failures
Grant’s presidency was severely damaged by widespread corruption scandals involving several of his appointees and associates. Though not personally implicated, these controversies tarnished his administration's legacy. He also struggled to manage the national economy during the severe financial crisis known as the Panic of 1873.
Why He's #15
Barack Obama's presidency is celebrated for its historic significance and his message of "hope and change." As the first African American president, his election broke monumental barriers and inspired a new generation. He entered office during a severe economic crisis and is lauded for his calm, steady leadership in navigating the nation through immense challenges. His eloquent communication and focus on unity left a lasting mark on American politics.
Key Accomplishments
- Passed the Affordable Care Act, expanding health insurance coverage to millions of Americans.
- Oversaw the economic recovery following the Great Recession, implementing stimulus measures to stabilize the economy.
- Authorized the military operation that led to the death of al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden.
Failures
Obama's administration faced criticism for its foreign policy, particularly its handling of the Syrian Civil War and the subsequent refugee crisis. Domestically, while the economy recovered, the pace was slow for many Americans, leading to frustrations over lingering unemployment and wage stagnation.
Why He's #16
William Howard Taft brought a thoughtful, judicial mind to the presidency, extending the Progressive Era with a steady hand. While often seen in the shadow of his predecessor, Taft was a dedicated reformer in his own right. He championed the rule of law over presidential personality and worked diligently to build upon the progressive framework he inherited. His unique legacy is capped by his lifelong dream of serving as Chief Justice, making him the only person to have led two branches of the federal government.
Key Accomplishments
- Busted more trusts in his single term than Theodore Roosevelt did in two, earning a reputation as a vigorous trust-buster.
- Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission, giving it the power to regulate railroad rates.
- Became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, a role he cherished and where he made significant contributions to the judiciary.
Failures
Taft struggled to manage the political factions within his party. His policies and more conservative style alienated progressive Republicans, leading to a deep split with his former mentor, Theodore Roosevelt. This division ultimately fractured the Republican party and cost him reelection in 1912.
Why He's #17
William McKinley guided America onto the world stage, overseeing a period of significant economic prosperity and global expansion. A calm and reassuring leader, he presided over the nation's victory in the Spanish-American War, which marked the country's emergence as a major power. His "front porch" campaigns created a new model for connecting with voters, and his leadership ushered in an era of confidence and industrial might that defined the turn of the 20th century.
Key Accomplishments
- Led the nation to a decisive victory in the Spanish-American War.
- Oversaw the annexation of Hawaii, expanding U.S. territory in the Pacific.
- Fostered policies that supported rapid industrial expansion and economic growth.
Failures
McKinley's presidency is often criticized for its imperialist foreign policy, which led to a controversial and brutal war in the Philippines. Domestically, while the economy boomed, his era was part of the Gilded Age, which saw vast economic inequality and growing labor unrest.
Why He's #18
James K. Polk was one of America’s most effective presidents, a leader of incredible focus and determination. In just one term, he achieved every single one of his ambitious goals. His presidency was a whirlwind of action that dramatically expanded the nation's borders from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Polk’s vision and relentless drive reshaped the map of the United States and demonstrated the power of a clear and decisive executive.
Key Accomplishments
- Oversaw the annexation of Texas, officially making it part of the U.S.
- Negotiated the Oregon Treaty with Great Britain, securing the Pacific Northwest.
- Led the nation to victory in the Mexican-American War, acquiring California and the Southwest.
Failures
Polk’s aggressive expansionism came at a high cost. He is heavily criticized for provoking the Mexican-American War, which many viewed as a war of conquest. His actions, while successful in acquiring territory, dangerously intensified the debate over slavery's expansion and deepened the sectional tensions that would ultimately lead to the Civil War.
Why He's #19
John Quincy Adams stands out for his brilliant diplomatic mind and a forward-thinking vision for America. Long before his presidency, he was a key architect of American foreign policy. As president, he championed ambitious national projects for science, infrastructure, and education, envisioning a powerful and enlightened nation. Though his presidency was challenging, his lifelong commitment to public service and his fierce moral compass, especially his later fight against slavery, cement his respected legacy.
Key Accomplishments
- Played a crucial role in formulating the Monroe Doctrine, a cornerstone of American foreign policy.
- Advocated for modernizing the nation's infrastructure, promoting roads, canals, and a national university.
- Was a strong proponent of federal investment in arts and sciences to advance national progress.
Failures
Adams's single term was largely defined by political frustration. He faced a deeply hostile and divided Congress, which blocked nearly all of his ambitious legislative proposals. His inability to build political alliances and overcome partisan opposition meant that his visionary plans for national development were never realized during his time in office.
Why He's #20
Chester A. Arthur’s story is one of incredible transformation! He stepped into the presidency under tragic circumstances, but this former political insider rose to the occasion with surprising integrity. Once a product of the spoils system, Arthur became its greatest champion for reform. He courageously defied his own party to clean up government, proving that true leadership is about putting country over politics and inspiring a new standard for public service.
Key Accomplishments
- Signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883, the foundation of our modern merit-based federal employment system.
- Initiated the modernization of the U.S. Navy, building the first steel ships and setting the course for a powerful future fleet.
Failures
While his commitment to reform was admirable, Arthur’s legislative agenda was limited beyond the Pendleton Act. His independent stance alienated key figures within his own party, which ultimately cost him the presidential nomination for a second term, cutting short his surprising but impactful presidency.
Why He's #21
"Silent Cal" Coolidge brought a quiet dignity and unwavering integrity back to the White House, restoring public trust after a period of scandal. A true champion of limited government and fiscal discipline, he believed the business of America was business. His calm, steady leadership and commitment to economic restraint created an atmosphere of confidence that helped fuel the vibrant energy of the Roaring Twenties, making him a popular and respected figure.
Key Accomplishments
- Dramatically reduced the national debt and cut federal spending.
- Signed multiple tax cuts that lowered rates for millions of Americans.
- Presided over a period of rapid economic growth and prosperity known as the "Coolidge Boom."
Failures
Coolidge’s hands-off, laissez-faire approach to the economy is often criticized for failing to address underlying problems. Critics argue his policies, including a lack of regulation on financial speculation, contributed to the economic imbalances that ultimately led to the Great Depression shortly after he left office.
Why He's #22
Jimmy Carter brought a powerful moral compass and deep sense of integrity to the White House. His presidency was groundbreaking for placing human rights at the very center of American foreign policy. Even more inspiring, his post-presidency set a new standard for public service, as he dedicated his life to peace, health, and democracy around the globe, earning him a Nobel Peace Prize and worldwide admiration.
Key Accomplishments
- Brokered the historic Camp David Accords, a landmark peace treaty between Israel and Egypt.
- Created the Department of Energy to address the nation's energy crisis.
- Championed environmental conservation, expanding the national park system significantly.
Failures
Carter struggled to solve a stagnant economy marked by high inflation and unemployment, often called "stagflation." His presidency was also defined by the prolonged Iran hostage crisis, which dominated his final year in office and contributed to a perception of weakness on the world stage.
Why He's #23
Grover Cleveland stands out in American history for his fierce independence and unwavering commitment to honesty and integrity. As the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms, he was a powerful voice for limited government and fiscal conservatism. Known for his principled stand against corruption and wasteful spending, Cleveland's leadership was defined by a sense of duty and a determination to serve the public good, earning him respect as a true reformer.
Key Accomplishments
- Vetoed hundreds of bills he considered government overreach, particularly pension claims.
- Championed civil service reform to curb political patronage and promote merit-based appointments.
- Fought for a more stable currency and responsible fiscal management.
Failures
Cleveland’s second term was consumed by the severe economic depression known as the Panic of 1893, and his policies struggled to provide effective relief. His controversial decision to use federal troops to end the Pullman Strike alienated working-class Americans and was seen by many as an overreach of executive power.
Why He's #24
George H.W. Bush brought a lifetime of experience in foreign policy to the presidency, masterfully guiding the world through a period of incredible change. With a steady hand and diplomatic skill, he navigated the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union. His leadership was defined by prudence, international cooperation, and a deep commitment to global stability, earning him worldwide respect as a distinguished statesman.
Key Accomplishments
- Assembled and led a massive international coalition to victory in the Gulf War.
- Skillfully managed the peaceful reunification of Germany.
- Signed the landmark Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, a major civil rights achievement.
Failures
Bush struggled to connect with voters on domestic issues, particularly during a persistent economic recession. His presidency was also damaged by his decision to raise taxes after famously pledging, "Read my lips: no new taxes," a move that alienated his conservative base and contributed to his failure to win a second term.
Why He's #25
Ronald Reagan, "The Great Communicator," revitalized American conservatism with his infectious optimism and clear vision. He entered office with a powerful mandate for change, promising to restore America's strength and prosperity. His charismatic leadership and unwavering conviction inspired a renewed sense of national pride and purpose. Reagan's ability to connect with the American people defined his presidency and left a lasting mark on the political landscape.
Key Accomplishments
- Implemented "Reaganomics," major tax cuts and deregulation policies aimed at stimulating economic growth.
- Played a pivotal role in ending the Cold War, famously challenging the Soviet Union to "tear down this wall."
- Signed the Tax Reform Act of 1986, a major simplification of the income tax code.
Failures
Reagan's economic policies were criticized for significantly increasing the national debt and widening the gap between the rich and the poor. His second term was also tarnished by the Iran-Contra affair, a secret arms-for-hostages deal that undermined his administration's credibility and led to multiple investigations.
Why He's #26
Richard Nixon’s presidency is a story of incredible highs and devastating lows. Despite significant policy achievements, his legacy is forever defined by the Watergate scandal. This sprawling political controversy involved a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters and a subsequent cover-up that reached the highest levels of government. The scandal shattered public confidence, led to his impeachment, and culminated in his unprecedented resignation, casting a long shadow over his time in office.
Key Accomplishments
- Opened diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, a historic foreign policy breakthrough.
- Established the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to protect human health and the environment.
- Ended the Vietnam War and oversaw the end of the military draft.
Failures
Nixon's presidency was ultimately destroyed by the Watergate scandal and his administration's abuse of executive power. The cover-up and subsequent revelations led to a constitutional crisis and a profound erosion of public trust in government that would last for decades. His actions remain a stark lesson on the limits of presidential authority.
Why He's #27
Benjamin Harrison’s presidency is a story of legislative action that didn’t quite connect with the people. He oversaw a period of significant government spending and economic policy changes, but his reserved personality made him seem distant and out of touch. Public dissatisfaction with his economic policies, particularly rising prices, grew throughout his term. This ultimately cost him popular support and made him a one-term president, sandwiched between the two terms of Grover Cleveland.
Key Accomplishments
- Signed the landmark Sherman Antitrust Act to combat monopolies.
- Continued the modernization of the U.S. Navy, transforming it into a global power.
- Admitted six new states to the Union, the most of any president.
Failures
Harrison’s presidency was defined by economic struggles. His support for the McKinley Tariff led to a sharp increase in consumer prices, which proved deeply unpopular with voters. This widespread economic discontent, combined with his inability to inspire the public, directly contributed to his defeat in his bid for reelection.
Why He's #28
Before his presidency, Herbert Hoover was celebrated as a brilliant engineer and a remarkable humanitarian, leading massive relief efforts in Europe after World War I. His life was a testament to public service and innovation. As president, he brought this dedication to the White House, believing in the power of American individualism and private enterprise to solve challenges, even in the face of immense economic turmoil.
Key Accomplishments
- Championed major public works projects, most famously the Hoover Dam.
- Worked to increase government efficiency and reform federal agencies.
- Established the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to provide loans to banks and businesses.
Failures
Hoover's presidency is forever linked with the Great Depression. His initial reluctance to provide direct federal relief and his adherence to balanced budgets were seen as an inadequate and detached response to the widespread suffering. This failure to effectively combat the economic crisis cemented his reputation as being out of touch with the plight of ordinary Americans.
Why He's #29
Warren G. Harding's presidency is a powerful cautionary tale about the importance of oversight. While he came into office promising a "return to normalcy," his term was ultimately defined by widespread corruption and scandal. Harding appointed many of his friends to powerful positions, and their misconduct shattered public trust. His administration became synonymous with scandal, overshadowing any of his positive intentions and cementing his place as one of the nation's lower-ranked presidents.
Key Accomplishments
- Created the first formal federal budget process to control government spending.
- Spoke out in favor of civil rights for African Americans, a bold move at the time.
Failures
Harding's presidency was destroyed by the actions of his appointees. The most infamous of these was the Teapot Dome scandal, where his Secretary of the Interior was caught taking bribes for oil leases. This and other instances of corruption revealed Harding's lack of oversight and poor judgment, forever staining his legacy and his administration.
Why He's #30
Martin Van Buren had the misfortune of inheriting an economic disaster. Almost as soon as he took office, the country plunged into the Panic of 1837, one of the worst financial crises in U.S. history. His presidency became consumed by this economic turmoil, and his policies failed to provide relief for struggling Americans. This overshadowed his entire term, making him a one-term president and cementing his legacy as a leader who was unable to navigate the country through crisis.
Key Accomplishments
- A key architect of the Democratic Party, shaping the modern two-party system.
- Successfully avoided war with Great Britain over border disputes in Canada.
Failures
Van Buren’s response to the Panic of 1837 was largely ineffective, earning him the nickname "Martin Van Ruin." His hands-off approach deepened the economic depression. He also failed to effectively address the growing and intense national divisions over the issue of slavery, allowing tensions to fester and grow worse during his time in office.
Why He's #31
George W. Bush's presidency was forever changed by the September 11th attacks, and his true strength emerged in the aftermath. He rallied a grieving nation with powerful resolve, providing comfort and a clear sense of direction during a time of immense fear. His leadership was defined by a steadfast commitment to protecting the country, as he reshaped national security to confront new and unprecedented threats, leaving a lasting mark on global policy.
Key Accomplishments
- Created the Department of Homeland Security to coordinate national security efforts.
- Championed the No Child Left Behind Act, a landmark education reform bill.
- Launched PEPFAR, a globally celebrated initiative to combat the AIDS epidemic in Africa.
Failures
Bush's administration faced significant criticism for the invasion of Iraq, which was predicated on intelligence that later proved to be flawed. His presidency was also heavily impacted by the widely condemned federal response to Hurricane Katrina and the severe global financial crisis that began in 2008.
Why He's #32
Andrew Jackson stormed into the presidency as a champion of the common man. His powerful, populist leadership celebrated the will of the people and dramatically expanded democratic participation for white males. "Old Hickory" was a symbol of rugged American individualism, and he reshaped the presidency by asserting its power and positioning himself as the direct representative of the voters, forever changing the political landscape.
Key Accomplishments
- Dismantled the Second Bank of the United States, which he saw as a corrupt, elitist institution.
- Strengthened the power of the presidency by frequently using the veto to challenge Congress.
- Became the foundational figure of the modern Democratic Party.
Failures
Jackson’s legacy is deeply stained by his ruthless policies toward Native Americans, most notably the Indian Removal Act, which led to the tragic Trail of Tears. His administration also actively worked to suppress the growing abolitionist movement, defending the institution of slavery and further entrenching the nation's deepest divisions.
Why He's #33
Rutherford B. Hayes took office after one of the most disputed elections in history and dedicated himself to healing a divided nation. His greatest legacy is restoring faith and integrity to the presidency. With a quiet determination, he pushed for government reform and set a new tone of honesty and moderation in Washington.
Key Accomplishments
- Ended Reconstruction by withdrawing the last federal troops from the South.
- Championed civil service reform, laying the groundwork for a merit-based system.
- Advocated for universal education and supported policies for economic stability.
Failures
Hayes's decision to end Reconstruction is highly criticized for abandoning the federal government's commitment to protecting the rights of African Americans in the South. This withdrawal of troops directly led to the rise of "Jim Crow" laws and the widespread disenfranchisement of Black voters for generations.
Why He's #34
Andrew Johnson’s presidency is a story of conflict and missed opportunity. Taking office after Lincoln's assassination, he faced the monumental task of reuniting a shattered nation. However, his stubborn and confrontational approach put him on a collision course with Congress. His presidency became defined by bitter political battles rather than healing and progress, ultimately failing to guide the country through the critical early years of Reconstruction.
Key Accomplishments
- Oversaw the initial restoration of Southern states back into the Union.
- The purchase of Alaska from Russia, known as "Seward's Folly," was completed during his term.
Failures
Johnson's presidency is marked by significant setbacks. He actively opposed civil rights for newly freed African Americans, vetoing key legislation. His constant clashes with Congress led to his impeachment, a first for a U.S. president. His inability to create a unifying vision for the post-war nation deepened divisions instead of mending them.
Why He's #35
Gerald Ford faced the immense challenge of leading a nation deeply wounded by the Watergate scandal. His presidency, though short, was defined by one of the most controversial decisions in American history: his full pardon of Richard Nixon. This act, combined with a struggling economy marked by high inflation and unemployment, overshadowed his efforts to heal the country. Ford's inability to solve these pressing economic issues left many Americans feeling frustrated and uncertain about the future.
Key Accomplishments
- Helped restore integrity and trust to the presidency after Watergate.
- Signed the Helsinki Accords, a major step toward reducing Cold War tensions.
Failures
Ford’s presidency was significantly hampered by the ongoing economic crisis of "stagflation"—a mix of high unemployment and soaring inflation that his policies failed to curb. However, the most damaging event was the intense and lasting public backlash against his pardon of Nixon, which many believed was a political deal that undermined justice.
Why He's #36
James Buchanan’s presidency is often seen as a tragic failure of leadership at a time when the nation needed it most. He came into office as a seasoned diplomat but seemed paralyzed by the escalating crisis over slavery. Instead of taking decisive action to hold the country together, his inaction and deference to Southern interests allowed the divisions to deepen, ultimately paving the way for the Civil War shortly after he left office.
Key Accomplishments
- Brought extensive diplomatic experience to the presidency, having served as Secretary of State and minister to Russia and the United Kingdom.
Failures
Buchanan’s presidency is defined by its critical shortcomings. He did nothing to stop the first Southern states from seceding from the Union. He also supported the Supreme Court’s pro-slavery Dred Scott decision, which further inflamed tensions between the North and South and pushed the nation ever closer to collapse.
Why He's #37
Joe Biden’s presidency is defined by his efforts to navigate a deeply polarized America while confronting major domestic and global crises. He took office with a promise to restore stability and competence to government. His leadership was tested by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, economic uncertainty, and international conflicts. His approach focused on large-scale legislative action and rebuilding alliances, aiming to steer the nation through a period of intense challenge and change.
Key Accomplishments
- Passed major legislation like the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act and the Inflation Reduction Act.
- Oversaw a massive COVID-19 vaccination campaign and economic relief efforts.
- Strengthened international alliances and rallied support for Ukraine.
Failures
Biden’s presidency struggled under mounting challenges. Inflation remained stubborn, straining households despite federal relief efforts. His handling of the Afghanistan withdrawal drew widespread criticism for its chaotic execution. Immigration policy proved difficult to manage, with border surges sparking political backlash. Meanwhile, stalled legislative efforts highlighted the difficulty of advancing his broader domestic agenda.
Why He's #38
John Tyler’s presidency was a masterclass in political independence—and isolation. Nicknamed "His Accidency" after taking office upon William Henry Harrison's death, Tyler consistently defied his own party, the Whigs. He vetoed key party legislation, leading the Whigs to expel him and his entire cabinet to resign. His term was defined by this fierce conflict, showcasing a president who governed based on his own principles, even when it left him without allies and forever marked him as a political outcast.
Key Accomplishments
- Spearheaded the annexation of Texas, adding a vast new territory to the United States.
- Signed the Webster-Ashburton Treaty, settling a key border dispute with Great Britain.
Failures
Tyler's greatest challenge was his complete lack of a political base. After breaking with the Whigs, he became a president without a party, making it nearly impossible to build coalitions or pass his own agenda. This political isolation hampered his effectiveness and ensured he would be a one-term president, unable to secure support for reelection.
Why He's #39
James Monroe's presidency is often remembered more for its sunny nickname, the "Era of Good Feelings," than for any lasting progress. Beneath the veneer of unity, his leadership failed to address deepening sectional divides and left the roots of the nation's greatest crises to grow unchecked. Rather than offering real solutions, Monroe's approach temporarily papered over growing tensions, setting up even larger conflicts for his successors.
Key Accomplishments
- Issued the Monroe Doctrine but lacked the power or resources to effectively enforce it, limiting its true impact during his administration.
- Acquired Florida from Spain through the Adams-Onís Treaty, while struggling to manage new territorial disputes.
- Signed the Missouri Compromise—a stopgap measure that only postponed an inevitable clash over slavery.
Failures
Monroe’s inability to meaningfully resolve the nation's brewing conflict over slavery cast a long shadow over his presidency. The Missouri Compromise, touted as a breakthrough, was little more than a temporary patch that failed to address the underlying moral and political crisis. His lack of decisive action on sectional disputes contributed directly to the turmoil that would explode into civil war just a few decades later. Domestically, Monroe left unresolved many economic and regional inequalities, while his foreign policy legacy relied heavily on bluster more than actual strength.
Why He's #40
Franklin Pierce’s presidency is a tragic example of a leader who inflamed national divisions instead of healing them. He took office during a period of intense conflict over slavery, but his actions only made things worse. His support for the disastrous Kansas-Nebraska Act shattered previous compromises and unleashed a wave of violence in the territories. This failure of leadership pushed the nation closer to the brink of civil war, cementing his reputation as one of America's least effective presidents.
Key Accomplishments
- Secured the Gadsden Purchase, adding territory to present-day Arizona and New Mexico.
- Opened trade relations with Japan through the Kanagawa Treaty.
Failures
Pierce’s most significant failure was his role in championing the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which led to the violent "Bleeding Kansas" crisis. This divisive policy destroyed the delicate balance between free and slave states. His inability to provide unifying leadership during this critical time accelerated the country’s fragmentation and set the stage for the Civil War.
Why He's #41
Millard Fillmore's presidency is a fascinating look at a leader trying to hold a fracturing nation together. Ascending to the presidency after Zachary Taylor’s death, he inherited a country on the verge of collapse over slavery. Fillmore believed that compromise was the only way to save the Union, and he threw his support behind the controversial Compromise of 1850. While this staved off war for a decade, it included the deeply divisive Fugitive Slave Act, which ultimately doomed his political career and stained his legacy.
Key Accomplishments
- Signed the Compromise of 1850, temporarily easing sectional tensions.
- Dispatched Commodore Perry to open trade with Japan, a major foreign policy win.
Failures
Fillmore’s greatest challenge was the intense national backlash to the Fugitive Slave Act, a key part of the compromise he championed. The law was fiercely resisted in the North and deepened the moral and political chasm between the states. This single issue made him deeply unpopular, cost him his party's nomination for a full term, and highlighted his inability to find a lasting solution to the nation's divisions.
Why He's #42
Zachary Taylor, a celebrated military hero, stepped into the presidency with no political experience, making his leadership style direct and sometimes confrontational. His term was cut short after just 16 months when he died unexpectedly in office. This brief tenure meant he had little time to shape lasting policy or see his vision through. His presidency is mostly viewed through the lens of his firm, soldier-like approach to the growing crisis over slavery, offering a glimpse of a potentially strong leader whose impact was limited by fate.
Key Accomplishments
- A famed general whose victories in the Mexican-American War made him a national hero.
- Strongly opposed the extension of slavery into new territories and threatened to use force to preserve the Union.
Failures
Taylor’s biggest challenge was one he could not overcome: his sudden death. It left major national questions, particularly the Compromise of 1850 which he opposed, unresolved. His short time in office and lack of political background meant he made very little long-term impact on national policy, leaving his presidency as another of history's great unwritten chapters.
Why He's #43
James Garfield’s presidency is one of American history’s great "what ifs." He entered the White House as a brilliant scholar and dedicated reformer, ready to tackle corruption and modernize government. His presidency was tragically cut short after only 200 days when he was assassinated, leaving behind a legacy of immense unfulfilled promise. His brief time in office offered a glimpse of a capable and forward-thinking leader whose potential was never fully realized.
Key Accomplishments
- Challenged the corrupt spoils system, laying the groundwork for civil service reform.
- Advocated for universal education and civil rights for African Americans.
Failures
Garfield's presidency was tragically brief, giving him almost no time to implement his ambitious agenda. He spent much of his short tenure navigating the deep political divisions within his own party. His assassination meant that the nation would never see the full impact of his leadership, leaving his reformist goals as an unfinished chapter in history.
Why He's #44
William Henry Harrison’s presidency is a historical footnote, famous only for its brevity. He holds the unfortunate record for the shortest term of any U.S. president, serving for just 31 days. Inaugurated with great promise, his presidency ended before it could even begin, leaving behind no legislative acts, executive orders, or policy decisions. His time in office was so fleeting that he had no opportunity to make any impact, positive or negative, on the nation's direction.
Key Accomplishments
- Achieved fame as a military hero for his leadership in the Battle of Tippecanoe and the War of 1812.
Failures
Harrison's single greatest failure was his decision to deliver a nearly two-hour inaugural address on a cold, wet day without a coat or gloves. He fell ill with pneumonia shortly after and died just a month into his term. This fateful choice not only cost him his life but also prevented him from creating any presidential legacy, making his term a story of what might have been.
Why He’s #45
Donald Trump remains the most polarizing President in American history. His time in office has been marked by constant controversy, a confrontational leadership style, and unprecedented challenges to democratic institutions. He became the only president to be impeached twice, a stunning rebuke that reflected the deep divisions of his term. His handling of major crises, from the COVID-19 pandemic to social unrest, has drawn widespread criticism and left the nation more fractured than ever, cementing his place at the bottom of presidential rankings.
Key Accomplishments
- Signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, a major tax reform bill.
- Brokered the Abraham Accords, normalizing relations between Israel and several Arab nations.
Failures
A series of profound failures have defined Trump's presidency. His response to the COVID-19 pandemic was widely seen as chaotic and ineffective. After challenging the 2020 election results, which culminated in the January 6th attack on the U.S. Capitol, he has led the nation into further political divide. His dismissive reaction to the nation’s political divide following the death of public figure Charlie Kirk, "I couldn’t care less," exemplifies his disregard for unity. This and his ongoing executive overreach, bypassing legislative and judicial safeguards, along with statements minimizing the nation’s divisions, have further weakened public trust in American democracy.
